托福阅读备考干货 实施结构化阅读（中）

托福阅读备考，离不开一定的备考技巧，前面已经为大家介绍过一部分托福阅读备考干货，实施结构化阅读的内容，接下来我们接着分享干货。

研究描述类文章多见于针对同一事物的不同方面的研究。好比在选择买哪一款车时，我们总是会从不同的方面考量：外观上拉风吗？空间大吗？舒适感如何？车性能如何？从不同的角度分析事物即可内化为研究描述类结构，在阅读中也可以发现对应的题型，以 TPO 11 - Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 为例，文章从三个方面来研究古埃及雕像：

① 从外形上都呈现出“正面描绘”的特点：The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning.

② 材质方面，通常是由石头、木材和金属做成的：Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal.

③ 用途：The function of these is quite different.

那么研究叙述类呢？这类结构与研究描述类比较，同样是研究同一事物，区别则是以时间轴为参照来划分该事物，通过时间的演变其呈现出不同的阶段特征，存在一定的延续性，也是不断进化发展的过程。例如，从身边熟悉的的汉字出发，汉字不可能一产生就很完美，就能满足各个时期生产力发展的需要。从古时的甲骨文到小篆、小篆到隶楷、繁体字到简化字，经过不断的自然流变和改革，汉字的演变过程也是随着时代的进步渐渐不断满足人们发展的需要。

了解这类结构后，我们来一起看看 TPO 29 - The History of Waterpower，随着历史的发展，技术的进步，水利的运用方式也在不断革新：

最起初，人们通过自然界的流水用来减轻人力、牧畜的工作负担（Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals.）；

接着，人们发现了流水的妙用而制造了水轮用以灌溉（No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago, and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria, a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars.）；

后来，为满足需求发明了水力磨来研磨谷物（The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C.）；

单单研磨谷物已不能满足多样的需求，人们利用水力同步发展了采矿、炼铁、造纸以及棉毛纺织工业（Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining, iron working, paper making, and the wool and cotton industries.）；

后来十九世纪电力工业的崛起及设施齐备的发电厂的建立，水力发电迅速发展起来（The capacity of individual power stations, many of them hydro plants, rose from a few kilowatts to over a megawatt in less than a decade.）。

由此可见，研究叙述类文章有明显的时间烙印，必定是与当时的社会大背景紧密联系的，如果学生掌握了该类文章，学会结合当时的社会背景深入思考，那么对演变的事物发展自然能做到心中有数，从容答题。

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