提升托福阅读能力 托福“结构化阅读”解析

想要提升托福阅读能力，可是没有好的方法？托福阅读是托福考试四科里面能够较好拿分的一科，所以会做很多练习，但是，我们却陷入了阅读速度慢，整合、预判信息的能力弱，掌握的信息七零八落的怪圈。那么如何在踏踏实实积累词汇和语法知识的基础上，进一步提升阅读能力呢？我们一起来看看结构化阅读。

托福阅读结构化阅读

顾名思义，结构化阅读即从托福阅读结构出发，从整体着眼纵观全文，不再为小词小句伤脑，而是把握全文的框架，这样有利于形成思维预判，增强学生做题信心。

我们先来一起探寻托福阅读本身的奥秘，（如上图所示），托福文章由初级的词汇题到总结题，信息归纳题等10 个不同的题型其实正是对应了从单词、句子、段落到篇章不同级别的难度要求，对学生的能力要求也是逐级递增的。学习了托福阅读本身的出题特点后可以鲜明的推断出其结构性强，学术型强的特点。结构化的文章凸显了可预测的特点，而学术表达的需求正是通过文章结构衍生出的。结合 TPO 阅读真题对比分析后大致可以将托福阅读文章分成六大基本类别：研究描述类、研究叙述类、对比类、现象解释类、问题解决类以及观点论证类。具体的 TPO 对应分类如下：

① 研究描述：研究对象 → 方面1 / 方面2

TPO 09 - Reflection in Teaching

TPO 11 - Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

TPO 14 - Children and Advertising

TPO 15 - A Warm Blooded Turtle

TPO 22 - Spartina

TPO 26 - Energy and the Industrial Revolution

TPO 29 - Characteristics of Roman Pottery

TPO 30 - Role of Play in Development

TPO 33 - Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth Century

TPO 43 - The Empire of Alexander the Great

TPO 45 - Wind pollination

TPO 47 - Roman Cultural Influence on Britain   

② 研究叙述：研究对象  阶段1 → 阶段2

TPO 02 - Early Cinema

TPO 06 - Powering the Industrial Revolution

TPO 09 - The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

TPO 12 - Transition to Sound in Film

TPO 16 - Development of the Periodic Table

TPO 19 - Succession Climax and Ecosystems

TPO 29 - The History of Waterpower

TPO 34 - Islamic Art and the Book

TPO 34 - The Development of Steam Power

TPO 40 - Ancient Athens

TPO 46 - The Origins of Writing    

③ 对比分类：研究对象 → 分类1 / 分类2

TPO 04 - Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

TPO 07 - Ancient Rome and Greece

TPO 12 - Water in the Desert

TPO 13 - Types of Social Groups

TPO 16 - Planets in Our Solar System

TPO 17 - Animal Signals in the Rain Forest

TPO 17 - Symbiotic Relationships

TPO 20 - Fossil Preservation

TPO 28 - Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes

TPO 32 - Plant Colonization

TPO 42 - Callisto and Ganymede

TPO 45 - Feeding Strategies in the Ocean

④ 现象解释：研究对象 → 解释1 / 解释2

TPO 02 - Desert Formation

TPO 05 - The Cambrian Explosion

TPO 06 - Infantile Amnesia

TPO 08 - The Rise of Teotihuacán

TPO 10 - Variations in the Climate

TPO 10 - Seventeenth - Century European Economic Growth

TPO 18 - Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia

TPO 18 - Lightning

TPO 20 - Westward Migration    

TPO 21 - Autobiographical Memory

TPO 24 - Moving into Pueblos

TPO 29 – Competition

TPO 31 - Savanna Formation

TPO 32 - Siam 1851–1910

TPO 40 - Latitude and Biodiversity

TPO 42 - Explaining Dinosaur Extinction

TPO 48 - Chinese Population Growth

TPO 48 - Climate and Urban Development    

⑤ 问题解决：解决困难 → 方法1 / 方法2

TPO 04 - Petroleum Resources

TPO 13 - Methods of Studying Infant Perception    

⑥ 观点论证：观点看法 →  证据1 / 证据2

TPO 01 - The Origins of Theater

TPO 02 - The Origins of Cetaceans

TPO 07 - The Geologic History of the Mediterranean

TPO 09 - Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast

TPO 11 - Begging by Nestlings

TPO 11 - Orientation and Navigation

TPO 12 - Which Hand Did They Use

TPO 14 - Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia

TPO 15 - Mass Extinctions

TPO 21 - The Origins of Agriculture

TPO 26 - Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East

TPO 31 - Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations

TPO 34 - Protection of Plants by Insects

TPO 41 - Trade and Early State Formation

TPO 43 - The Origin of Petroleum

TPO 46 - Ecosystem Diversity and Stability

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