托福备考：综合写作read between the lines

综合写作为先阅读、再听力、再写的考试模式。不过难点不在于阅读，因为写的时候阅读是可以看到的，而动态的听力只有一次。所以可以说得听力者得天下。但是听力又是大多数中国学生的痛点。那么如何在阅读的时候未雨绸缪就显得尤为重要了。本次成都新航道将向大家展示如何通过阅读的内容合理预判听力的内容的技巧。

预测的时候脑海中一定要不停的提醒自己：听力和阅读的心观点相反（99%），有了这样的核心框架，对分论点的预测才会有效。

TPO 4

Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37 C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.（中心论点）

Polar dinosaurs（分论点1）

One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.

阅读中心论点：恐龙是恒温动物，基于阅读和听力相反，我们可以猜到听力认为恐龙不是恒温动物。

分论点1里只有两句话，句： Dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions。第二句：Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates。

听力的个分论点反驳阅读的个分论点，但是这两句里，句话是无法反驳的，因为句话说恐龙化石在极地被发现了，是一个事实。听力不可能去反驳一个既得事实。

第二句说：“只有能够维持体温高于外界的动物才能够在如此冷的环境中存活”。这句话看似事实,但是大家来对比一下稍稍修改过的版本：“只有能够维持体温高于外界的动物才能够在冷的环境下存活”。第二个版本陈述的是一个事实，相比于句话少了“如此”也就是原句中的such。但意味就完全不样了，因为如此冷的环境，就好像是作者对于恐龙时代的极地的认知，是他的认知而非事实，也就是说这里是可能存在的反驳切入点。那么我们从这里可以预判到听力可能会说那个时候的极地可能并不冷,以此来反驳阅读。

我们看看听力的对应部分：

Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so- called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.

不难发现，听力提到了那个时候的极地要暖和的多。符合我们预测的内容。后面无法预测的信息，在我们验证完成这条信息之后，可以有更多的注意力捕捉到： migrate/ hibernate during cold months。

我们再看看TPO10：

The sea otter is a small mammal that in waters along the western coast of north america from California to alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidl declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.（中心论点）

分论点2：

Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects he entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca(a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.

本文中心论点说：在这两个假说里，污染更有可能成为水獭种群数量下降的原因，根据听力和阅读相反，我们可以猜到听力会说污染不是。但同学们在阅读一下中心论点前面的一句话：Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations environmental pollution or attacks by predators.这里有两个假说：污染和天敌。那阅读攴撑污染,听力不攴持污染，很有可能支持天敌导致水獭数量下降。

分论点2：

other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the alaska coast were also declining [fact无法反驳, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well[fact：同时下降的现象]. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species【作者推测】.这一系列读下来似乎无懈可击，都很合理。但同学们在往后面读读: Only widely occurring predators,such as the orca(a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.阅读说只有哪些大型的捕食者比如虎鲸才会有相同的效果。大家再联想一下中心论点（attacks by predators导致水獭数量下降），不难猜出听力应该会说前面写的同时下降的现象是由虎鲸导致的。阅读最后提到 but orcas prefer to hunt muchlarger prey, such as other whales。既然在阅读里面虎鲸不吃小的动物，因为有了大的猎物比如其他的鲸鱼，那么听力里面应该会让虎鲸的食物来源发生改变，让他们去吃这些小的动物，导致他们同时下降。这就是我们在听力的时候可以重点关注捕捉的信息。

听力原文:

Second, although orcas may prefer to hunt whales, whales have essentially disappeared from the area because of human hunters. That means that orcas have had to change their diet to survive and since only smaller sea mammals are now available, orcas have probably started hunting those. So it probably is the orcas that are causing the decline of all the smaller sea mammals mentioned in the passage-the seals, the sea lions and the sea otters.

首先我们验证了虎鲸导致他们数量下降，同时也能有更多的注意力来关注到 human hunters导致其他的鲸鱼消失，虎鲸改变饮食。

总结：

阅读预测是同学们批判性阅读的能力的体现，同学们可以在做练习的时候有意识的去训练预测的能力，不断完善。但大家需要先明白，对于托福综合写作听力硬实力才是重中之重。预测的能力固然重要，但只能作为辅助。因为有了合理的预测，我们才可以在听力的时候不至于被听力牵着鼻子走。如果我们预测的内容差不多，听的时候仅仅只是验证的过程，那么我们记笔记和脑力消耗可以随之降低。如果我们预测的不是很准确，那我可以在听力出现偏差的时候可以合理调整，应对随之而来的变化，获取更多有效的细节。除此之外，请同学们正确对待预测，不要把预测看的比练习听力能力更重要。

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