【预测】2015年7月4日托福考试听力真题预测“神助攻”版
2015年07月03日 03:57
供稿单位：互联网 责编：新航道小编 浏览 0次
供稿单位：互联网 责编：新航道小编 浏览 0次
7月、7月，2015年下半年场托福考试近在眼前，祝所有托福考生在考试中取得自己满意的成绩，新航道小编为大家分享7月4日的托福听力预测，希望对大家有所帮助。
7月、7月，2015年下半年场托福考试近在眼前，祝所有托福考生在考试中取得自己满意的成绩，新航道小编为大家分享7月4日的托福听力预测，希望对大家有所帮助。
套
1. What’s the lecture mainly about?
The professor’s recent research on play and brain development.
Differing explanations of the reasons for play.
Examples of two distinct types of play fighting.
Differences in the play behaviors of various animal specials.
2. One of the students brings up the example of play fighting among wolf pups. What does this example lead him to believe?
That wolves are especially violent animals.
That the play-as-preparation hypothesis is probably correct.
That wolves seldom engage in self-handicapping.
That the results of a recent study are probably not reliable.
3. Which statement best expresses the professor’s opinion of the play-as-preparation hypothesis?
It is well supported by available evidence.
It may apply only to certain species of animals.
It does not explain some important aspects of play.
It is particularly useful explaining human behavior.
4. What does the professor imply about self-handicapping? Click on2 answers.
It commonly occurs in play but not in other activities.
It applies only to animal species that do not hunt for food.
It has been observed only in laboratory settings.
It contradicts the play-as-preparation hypothesis.
5. The professor discusses a study on the relationship between brain growth and play. What does that study conclude?
Patterns of brain growth are similar in animals that play and animals that do not play.
Excessive brain growth can sometimes limit an animal’s behavioral vocabulary.
Animals that do not play have less-developed brains than animals that play.
Animals without well-developed brains are seldom observed playing.
Professor:
All right. I hope you all had a chance to finish the assigned readings about animal play, because I want to spend some time discussing the different viewpoints presented in those articles. Let's start with the play-as-preparation hypothesis. Jerry, can you explain it?
Male Student:
Yeah, Play-as-preparation. Young animals play in order to get really good at certain specific things they will need to do when they are adults, things like chasing, pouncing, climbing. In other words, they play in order to practice survival skills, like movements used in hunting and fighting. That hypothesis makes a lot of sense, like, maybe the most sense of all the theories we read about.
Professor:
And what leads you to that conclusion?
Male Student:
Well, like wolves, the young pups, they fight a lot and bite, you know, not to hurt each other, but... It just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that. It gives them practice with skills that will make them better hunters or fighters as adults.
Female Student:
Oh, I don't know about that. I mean, some of the things a young animal does while playing are totally different from the things they’ll do as an adult. There was a really good example in the second article. I can't remember what it is called exactly, uh, self-…
Professor:
Self-handicapping.
Female Student:
Right. Self-handicapping. Like during a fake fight, a play fight, if one of the animals is winning, the winning animal might just stop and give up its advantage.
Professor:
Yes. And often it shifts to a submissive posture too. Of course self-handicapping hardly ever happens in a real fight. Because in a real fight, well, the point is to win. So, this self-handicapping, it is important to take this into account before just deciding to go with that first explanation. And in fact, there really isn't much in the way of solid experimental evidence to support the play-as-preparation hypothesis.
Female Student:
What about the other one? The flexibility hypothesis?
Professor:
Ah, yes. Let's talk about that. As you say, play is much more than just pretend fighting or practicing other adult behaviors. Apparently, it also contributes to the development of a brain that's flexible, a brain that's quickly able to get a handle on unfamiliar situations. This notion, the flexibility hypothesis, well, many of my colleagues find it quite persuasive.
第二套
Section1
【主旨】math night数学课
【内容】一个女学生和一个男教授的对话。学校在网上开办了 math night的数学课，教儿童和父母数学，一起玩游戏，提到现在数学变化很大，但是关键是家长有没有 enjoy。教授请学生去 night course当助教，有两个原因：1.可以锻炼学生的教书能力。2.能让学生更好地融入社区。女生回答她小时候就参加过，自己非常喜欢，因为来就对数学感兴趣，但是不知道父母会不会同意。接着教授给了女学生两个信息：1.她的工作内容是给上课学生回答问题。2.工作时长每学期不少于20个小时，但是学生可以 reduce到20小时。
Section2
【主旨】美国 Bryce Canyon里 hoodoo的形成和发展
【内容】hoodoo是一种石头，来在湖底，后来水干了，就露了出来，有很多种 mineral构成，所以颜色很多很好看。是什么造成的?学生说：wind教授：常常是 wind，但是 Bryce Canyon的不是，形成主要经过了两种作用：物理作用和化学作用。物理作用：水渗入石头，然后结冰，形成 crack化学作用：由于 acid rain erosion的侵蚀作用，不同 mineral溶解速度不一样。学生提问：沙漠中空气清新怎么会有酸雨?教授应该是说女生说的不对。昀后教授对 hoodoo来发展表达了观点
Section3
【主旨】北极熊的进化及基因测定
【内容】北极熊死了就沉入海底，bone sample很难找，后来找到了，对北极熊进行 DNA测定他们的 evolution，不用 N-DNA分析，用新的 Mitochondrial DNA(线粒体 DNA)分析，因为那种物质存在时间更长，而且存在的数量比 nucleus更多。昀终证明北极熊的祖先是棕熊。北极熊 polar bear只生活在寒冷的地区，所以在上一个地球 warm period时，他们在一个冷的 island或者找一个洞熬过暖化期，但现在这个 warm period变暖节奏太快，北极熊难以适应，同时变暖让加拿大的熊往北迁徙，进入原先领地，杂交产后代，所以纯北极熊越来越少。
Section4
【主旨】听教授组织的某 opera
【内容】女生上学期上过这个教授的课，想去听这学期教授组织同学去的某 opera，上学期女孩没听过，因为那个周她在打工。但教师说票都买好了，没有非该学期的同学的，所以没有名额了。女生说她特别喜欢这个 composer，建议女孩自己买学生票，或者去 opera做志愿者，但是这次可能来不及了。女生问能否说自己是他学生，教授说可以，但人家不认识他，所以申请的时候可以说自己是这个学校 music major的会更有帮助，因为他们更倾向于录用 music major的学生。
Section5
【主旨】艺术保护
【内容】保护一种刻在石头和墙上的艺术形式。有研究者盖上纸按压把图案印在纸上，但是会损害原艺术品。还展开了很多旅游参观，重新漆了颜色，不漆的话游客就看不清，破坏了原艺术品，游客也会摸。学生问，可以 cut下来放到博物馆就没人摸了，教授答还是原址更有意义，这样也有好处，只漆了几处供游客看和摸，其他没漆的就可以保存了。
Section6
【主旨】美国土人的传统
【内容】美国土著的一种部落间仪式，该仪式有维护稳定的作用。3个 clans一起，一个 host,另两个是客人，主持的分食物给客人。3个 clans的角色： Host决定仪式上的唱歌和跳舞，guest是去 witness, brother in law的人决定仪式的 speech.以充分利用 labor force。大家一起干活，payment就相当于在仪式上分给大家了
第三套
Section1
【主旨】学生与宿舍管理员(对话)
【内容】学生想问一下next year的住宿，提到了music house building，宿舍管理员陈述了住在music building的好处，就是加入music club或参加music activity比较方便，因为很多music housing building举行的。但也有不好的方面，比如不太安静，经常会有performance of music，但学生仍然坚持要加入，宿舍管理员让其填表，提供一些信息，比如what kind of contribution she can make to the music center of campus.
Section2
【主旨】师生论文(对话)
【内容】学生想写一个自己很感兴趣的topic，询问教授的意见。
Section3
【主旨】swarm behavior of animals动物群居(讲座)
【内容】文章前半部分拿ant举例子，说蚂蚁会在觅食和巢穴之间reinforce a trail,同时又说明这种行为还可人类应用。文章后半部分拿bird flight举例子，说明并不是所有swarming behavior都可被人类应用，there should be more research needed.
Section4
【主旨】蓝颜料(讲座)
【内容】主要讲blue pigment蓝颜料少而贵，所以艺术家用cheap替代品，但cheap替代品不好用，不持久，所以他们不用。又讲蓝颜料难取，取出来少，法国政府有改变。
Section5
【主旨】美国历史(讲座)
【内容】哥伦布成为美国的英雄
Section6
【主旨】Material Science
【内容】提到了penny的制作，还说copper很容易变色和erosion，还提到了nickel
经典加试：鸟的迁徙论文写作，爵士乐。
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