GMAT阅读：如何利用文章结构秒做主旨题？

gmat阅读在语言的基础上更侧重于考察对文章结构和逻辑的梳理和分析，所以一直以来我们都在强调读取文章框架结构的重要性。在阅读过程中重建文章架构不仅有助于我们理清文章脉络，也有利于我们解决针对文章结构来考察的题型(如主旨题)以及准确定位细节题。而就题型而言，主旨题是阅读中的高频题之一，且总体难度系数不大，所以是各位考生要保证正确率的一类题。那么如何高效地提取文章结构？又如何利用这一结构快速解答主旨题呢？

要高效地重建文章结构，我们首先要明白多数GMAT文章是议论文或者陈述他人的观点，只有少数文章是纯粹的记叙文，所以观点就成为了GMAT文章中的一大核心因素。在阅读GMAT文章时，一个基本任务就是准确提取文章中的观点以及梳理观点与观点之间的逻辑关系。那么如何识别句子是在表达观点还是陈述事实呢？往往他人的观点会通过belief, view等词汇或者sb. + argue/believe/contend/suggest 等观点词的句型来表达，而作者的观点/态度则会通过一些正负向的逻辑词(如risky, problematic, overstate, impressive等)来表述。此外，观点与观点之间常见的关系就是转折，所以如果我们注意到however, but, yet, in reality等表达转折关系的词，那么文章的逻辑结构也会更加明晰。

下面我们以GWD中的一篇经典文章为例进行讲解。    

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court's assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) over Native American affairs. But he fails to note the decision's more far-reaching impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when - following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs - Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress. The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

（注：1. 文章中蓝色部分是他人观点，而红色部分作者则通过properly, but, fail to, in reality等逻辑词表达出自己的观点/态度。2. Blue Clark以下简写为BC.）

【简化结构】

引出案件决定—>肯定BC做得好的地方—>指出BC的不足(没有注意到该决定的深远影响)—>评论员们的观点(改变的发生时间)—>作者反驳评论员们的观点(联邦政府的做法)—>重申该决定的影响。

那么依照该框架结构，我们现在来看看这篇文章的主旨题：

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

identifying similarities in two different theories

evaluating a work of scholarship

analyzing the significance of a historical event

debunking a revisionist interpretation

exploring the relationship between law and social reality

识别两个不同理论的相似性。我们可以将BC以及评论员们的观点视为两个理论，但是文章没有讨论这两种理论的相似性。(错误)

评估一部学术作品。文章确实提到了BC的研究，但是行文重点没有对其研究作品进行评估。(错误)

分析一历史事件的重要性。作者指出BC没意识到该决定的深远影响，反驳了评论员们认为的该变化开始的时间，后重申该决定的影响，由文章结构可知作者想强调的就是该决定的重要性。(正确)

批判一位修正主义者的解读。文章未出现revisionist, 且文章对BC和评论员双方的观点都进行了批判，并非某一方。 (错误)

探索法律和社会现实的关系。从行文结构上看，文章并未探索这两者之间的关系。(错误)

【参考答案】C

可以看出主旨题并不需要我们读懂所有的细节信息，只要文章框架结构分析清楚了，主旨题也就迎刃而解了。

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